Bottom-of-chain or Low-Tier in the construction industry refers to individual workers or companies that are at the lower end of the hierarchy. These are often subcontractors or laborers who perform basic tasks such as digging trenches, carrying materials, or cleaning up job sites. They are typically paid lower wages and have less skilled roles compared to higher-tier contractors and professionals.Low-tier workers in construction may have limited job security and may be more vulnerable to economic fluctuations. They may also have less access to training and opportunities for advancement within the industry. While their work is essential to the overall success of a construction project, they may not receive the same recognition or rewards as higher-tier workers. Overall, bottom-of-chain workers play a crucial role in the construction industry,